Date: 2026-09-15 (first version 2026-08-28) Purpose: One table per property family naming the literature behind every material fit, with the full bibliography Module: src/physics/materials

The material classes identify their data sources in comments within their create_*() routines. This document collects those statements in one place and presents them in a standardized form. The file:line positions in the class sources are authoritative. When a comment gives only a vague attribution, such as "literature value" or "experimental data", the table reports that wording instead of inventing a source. Model-level references for the E-J power law are in resistivity_laws.md; sources for homogenization are in alloy_homogenization.md; and sources for the Callaway model are in callaway_thermal_conductivity.md.

Property symbols: alpha denotes thermal expansion, cp specific heat, rho electrical resistivity (the quantity stored by the rho group of a generated database), E Young's modulus, and nu Poisson's ratio.

The nine pure metals represent isotropic polycrystals. Their E and nu are obtained from the quasi-harmonic closure of Metal::create_mech (bulk and shear modulus as exponentials of the logarithmic thermal strain; Garai-Laugier 2007 derive the form for the bulk modulus, BELFEM applies it to the shear modulus as well), fit over 0..300 K to the elastic data named in the E column, which span 4 K to room temperature; data from single-crystal sources are Hill-averaged, ultrasonic (adiabatic) bulk moduli are converted to isothermal values with the material's own alpha, cp and rho before the fit. The resulting served moduli are isothermal (dynamic moduli, not static ones). Blanke 1989 is a compilation without sources or data points; it is not used for any level or slope, only as the citable reference for the temperature ceiling: T_max of copper, silver, chromium and white tin is set where the quasi-harmonic E(T) departs from Blanke's curve by more than 5 % in shape. In the overlap below room temperature Blanke lies 2..4 % above the ultrasonic literature for Cu, Al, Ag and within 1 % for Fe; its lead value (16 GPa at 300 K) is a static-type modulus, 33 % below the dynamic Hill average, and is the one exception where Blanke sets a level.

Main table

Material	alpha	cp	rho	E	nu
Copper	Touloukian TPRC	Touloukian TPRC	Matula 1979 (Bloch-Grueneisen, 273.15 K anchor); Kohler: De Launay 1959, Benz 1969, Arentz 1982, Clausecker 1969, Strom-Olsen 1967	Ledbetter 1981 (polycrystalline material, 5..295 K); quasi-harmonic fit	Ledbetter 1981
Aluminum	Touloukian TPRC	Touloukian TPRC	Hust-Lankford 1984 anchor; Debye curve: Desai 1984, Cook 1975; Kohler: Luethi 1960, Fickett 1972	Kamm-Alers 1964 (single-crystal data, Hill average); quasi-harmonic fit	Kamm-Alers 1964
Chromium	e3sconf 2024 (primary), Touloukian TPRC (secondary)	unnamed literature spread (sanity: cp(293 K) = 451 vs 449)	White-Woods 1959 anchor; Debye: Anderson 1970; Kohler: Kozlova-Kondorskii 1963, Arajs-Dunmyre 1965	Palmer-Lee 1971 cryogenic plateau (single-crystal data, Hill average); a common softening constant; the spin-density-wave anomalies are not represented	Palmer-Lee 1971, held at 0.2371
Silver	Touloukian TPRC	Touloukian TPRC	Matula 1979 (273.15 K anchor); Kohler: Luethi 1960, Strom-Olsen 1967, Stout 1939, Iwasa 1993, Li 2015	Neighbours-Alers 1958 (single-crystal data, Hill average); quasi-harmonic fit	Neighbours-Alers 1958
Indium	Touloukian TPRC (6..374 K, rms 0.005%)	Touloukian TPRC; low-T gamma/beta: TPRC curve 3	White-Sondheimer via PhysRevB 23 3845 anchor; Kohler: Luethi 1960, PhysRev 120 1167	Kim-Ledbetter 1998 (polycrystalline Varshni-fit data); quasi-harmonic fit	Kim-Ledbetter 1998
White tin	Touloukian TPRC	Touloukian TPRC; Sommerfeld/Debye: O'Neil 1965	White 1968 via Hariharan 1979 anchor; Debye high-T: Meaden 1965 via Hall 1968; Kohler: Luethi 1960	Rayne-Chandrasekhar 1960 (tetragonal single-crystal data at 4.2, 77, 300 K, Voigt-Reuss-Hill); quasi-harmonic fit	Rayne-Chandrasekhar 1960
Lead	Touloukian TPRC	Touloukian TPRC	White 1968 via Hariharan 1979 anchor; Debye high-T: Meaden 1965 via Hall 1968; Kohler: Luethi 1960	K from Waldorf-Alers 1962 (single-crystal data); E level and shape from Blanke 1989 (static-type curve, 95..300 K) - static moduli by decision, see the class header	derived from K and E: 0.435 at 300 K (handbook 0.44)
Iron	Touloukian TPRC	Touloukian TPRC (Curie anomaly smoothed)	White-Woods 1959 (T < 295 K, RRR 40..104), Arajs-Colvin 1964 (300..1300 K), magnetization: Crangle-Goodman 1971; Kohler: Klaffky-Coleman 1974, Luethi 1960; valid to 860 K	Rayne-Chandrasekhar 1961 (single-crystal data, zero field, Hill average); quasi-harmonic fit	Rayne-Chandrasekhar 1961 (isothermal nu flat)
Nickel	Touloukian TPRC	Touloukian TPRC; gamma/beta: TPPM	White-Woods 1959, Farrell-Greig 1968; magnetization: Crangle-Goodman 1971; Kohler: Luethi 1960	Alers-Neighbours-Sato 1960 (single-crystal data at 10 kOe, Hill average); quasi-harmonic fit; the demagnetized Delta-E dip is not represented	Alers-Neighbours-Sato 1960
Magnesia (MgO)	Simon 1994, Durand 1936	Touloukian TPRC curve 4 + Simon 1994	n/a (insulator)	Blanke 1989 (Simon 1994 judged too low for HTS tapes)	Simon 1994
Hastelloy C-276	Lu 2008	Lu 2008 (15..120 K); RT Debye tail anchored at unnamed literature cp = 427	Lu 2008 (log-log above 10.73 K)	Cryogenics 2006 + MATWEB	Cryogenics 2006 + MATWEB
YBCO	Salomons 1987	Baak 1989 (T < 20 K), Lang 1988 (50..350 K)	Sommerfeld 2003 (Bloch-Grueneisen, RRR ~ 50)	Lei-Ledbetter 1991 (normalized curve, user-scaled)	Lei-Ledbetter 1991
Alloy (homogenized)	see alloy_homogenization.md	see alloy_homogenization.md	see alloy_homogenization.md (Nordheim, Bruggeman, Hust-Lankford)	see alloy_homogenization.md (Eshelby, Hill, Voigt/Reuss)	see alloy_homogenization.md

The supporting property thermal conductivity, lambda, is included here because users often ask for it next. Copper, Aluminum, and Iron follow Hust-Lankford 1984. Silver is fitted to Mendelssohn 1952, Gerritsen 1956, and Li 2015; the class header notes that the RRR data are sparse. Indium, White tin, Lead, Magnesia, and Nickel follow Touloukian TPRC. YBCO uses the Callaway model fitted to Sommerfeld 2003, which the code flags as a degenerate interim fit. Hastelloy has no lambda source and uses only the Wiedemann-Franz construction.

Bibliography

Key	Authors	Year	Journal / Publisher	DOI or identifier
Touloukian TPRC	Y. S. Touloukian et al.	1970 ff.	Thermophysical Properties of Matter (TPRC data series), IFI/Plenum	series; cited per curve in-code
TPPM	Thermophysical Properties of Matter, vol. 1	1970	IFI/Plenum	volume/page cited in-code
Matula 1979	R. A. Matula	1979	J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 8, 1147	10.1063/1.555614
Blanke 1989	W. Blanke (ed.)	1989	Thermophysikalische Stoffgroessen, Springer	ISBN book
Hust-Lankford 1984	J. G. Hust, A. B. Lankford	1984	NBSIR 84-3007 / NBS SP 260-90	10.6028/nbs.ir.84-3007
White-Woods 1959	G. K. White, S. B. Woods	1959	Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 251, 273	10.1098/rsta.1959.0004
De Launay 1959	J. De Launay et al.	1959	J. Phys. Chem. Solids	10.1016/0022-3697(59)90038-1
Benz 1969	M. G. Benz	1969	J. Appl. Phys. 40	10.1063/1.1657896
Arentz 1982	R. Arentz et al.	1982	Phys. Rev. B 26, 2727	10.1103/PhysRevB.26.2727
Clausecker 1969	K. Clausecker	1969	Z. Physik	10.1007/BF02422537
Strom-Olsen 1967	J. O. Strom-Olsen	1967	Proc. R. Soc. A	jstor.org/stable/2415889
Desai 1984	P. D. Desai et al.	1984	J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data	10.1063/1.555725
Cook 1975	J. G. Cook et al.	1975	ORNL-5079 report	ORNL-5079
Luethi 1960	B. Luethi	1960	Dissertation, ETH Zuerich (Widerstandsaenderung von Metallen in hohen Magnetfeldern)	thesis
Fickett 1972	F. R. Fickett	1972	FNAL report (Magnetoresistivity of Copper and Aluminum at Cryogenic Temperatures)	report
Armstrong-Brown 1964	P. E. Armstrong, H. L. Brown	1964	Trans. AIME	as cited in-code
Kozlova-Kondorskii 1963	N. Kozlova, E. Kondorskii	1963	Soviet Physics JETP	as cited in-code
Arajs-Dunmyre 1965	S. Arajs, G. R. Dunmyre	1965	J. Appl. Phys.	10.1063/1.1703039
Anderson 1970	Anderson, Stewart, Ramsay	1970	phys. status solidi (b)	10.1002/pssb.19700370137
e3sconf 2024	(chromium expansion dataset)	2024	E3S Web of Conferences	10.1051/e3sconf/202459202009
Smith-Fickett 1995	D. R. Smith, F. R. Fickett	1995	J. Res. NIST 100	10.6028/jres.100.012
Mendelssohn 1952	K. Mendelssohn et al.	1952	Proc. Phys. Soc. A 65	10.1088/0370-1298/65/6/301
Gerritsen 1956	A. N. Gerritsen, J. O. Linde	1956	Physica 22, 821 (thermal conductivity of dilute silver alloys)	10.1016/S0031-8914(56)90035-0
Li 2015	Li et al.	2015	IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 102	10.1088/1757-899X/102/1/012027
Stout 1939	J. W. Stout et al.	1939	J. Am. Chem. Soc.	10.1021/ja01871a006
Iwasa 1993	Y. Iwasa et al.	1993	Cryogenics	10.1016/0011-2275(93)90199-X
Kim-Ledbetter 1998	S. Kim, H. Ledbetter	1998	Mater. Sci. Eng. A	10.1016/S0921-5093(98)00490-0
Ledbetter 1981	H. M. Ledbetter	1981	phys. stat. sol. (a) 66, 477 (polycrystalline copper, 5..295 K)	10.1002/pssa.2210660209
Ledbetter-Naimon 1974	H. M. Ledbetter, E. R. Naimon	1974	J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 3, 897 (copper review)	10.1063/1.3253150
Ledbetter-Reed 1973	H. M. Ledbetter, R. P. Reed	1973	J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 2, 531 (iron, nickel, Fe-Ni; section 15 on the Delta-E effect)	10.1063/1.3253127
Kamm-Alers 1964	G. N. Kamm, G. A. Alers	1964	J. Appl. Phys. 35, 327 (aluminum single crystal, 0..300 K)	10.1063/1.1713309
Neighbours-Alers 1958	J. R. Neighbours, G. A. Alers	1958	Phys. Rev. 111, 707 (silver and gold single crystals, 0..300 K)	10.1103/PhysRev.111.707
Waldorf-Alers 1962	D. L. Waldorf, G. A. Alers	1962	J. Appl. Phys. 33, 3266 (lead single crystal, 0..300 K)	10.1063/1.1931149
Rayne-Chandrasekhar 1960	J. A. Rayne, B. S. Chandrasekhar	1960	Phys. Rev. 120, 1658 (beta tin single crystal, 4.2..300 K)	10.1103/PhysRev.120.1658
Rayne-Chandrasekhar 1961	J. A. Rayne, B. S. Chandrasekhar	1961	Phys. Rev. 122, 1714 (iron single crystal, 4.2..300 K)	10.1103/PhysRev.122.1714
Alers-Neighbours-Sato 1960	G. A. Alers, J. R. Neighbours, H. Sato	1960	J. Phys. Chem. Solids 13, 40 (nickel single crystal at 10 kOe, 0..760 K)	10.1016/0022-3697(60)90125-6
Palmer-Lee 1971	S. B. Palmer, E. W. Lee	1971	Phil. Mag. 24, 311 (chromium single crystal, 4.2..345 K, zero field)	10.1080/14786437108227390
Garai-Laugier 2007	J. Garai, A. Laugier	2007	J. Appl. Phys. 101, 023514 (isothermal bulk modulus as an exponential of the integrated thermal expansion)	10.1063/1.2424535
O'Neil 1965	H. R. O'Neal et al.	1965	Phys. Rev. 137, A748 (in-code cited as 1964)	10.1103/PhysRev.137.A748
White 1968	G. K. White	1968	Experimental Techniques in Low Temperature Physics (book)	via Hariharan 1979
Hariharan 1979	Hariharan et al.	1979	Pramana 13, 117	10.1007/BF02872130
Meaden 1965	G. T. Meaden	1965	Electrical Resistance of Metals (book)	via Hall, NBS TN 365 (1968)
Crangle-Goodman 1971	J. Crangle, G. M. Goodman	1971	Proc. R. Soc. A	10.1098/rspa.1971.0044
Arajs-Colvin 1964	S. Arajs, R. V. Colvin	1964	phys. status solidi	10.1002/pssb.19640060317
Klaffky-Coleman 1974	R. W. Klaffky, R. V. Coleman	1974	Phys. Rev. B 10, 2915	10.1103/PhysRevB.10.2915
Farrell-Greig 1968	T. Farrell, D. Greig	1968	J. Phys. C 1	10.1088/0022-3719/1/5/326
Simon 1994	N. J. Simon	1994	NISTIR 5030	report
Durand 1936	M. A. Durand	1936	Physics 7	10.1063/1.1745396
Lu 2008	J. Lu, E. S. Choi, H. D. Zhou	2008	J. Appl. Phys. 103 (Hastelloy C-276 at cryogenic temperatures)	10.1063/1.2899058
Cryogenics 2006	(Hastelloy mechanical dataset)	2006	Cryogenics 46	10.1016/j.cryogenics.2006.01.014
Cryogenics 2023	(Hastelloy composition)	2023	Cryogenics	10.1016/j.cryogenics.2023.103776
Salomons 1987	E. Salomons et al.	1987	Physica B+C	10.1016/0378-4363(87)90092-1
Baak 1989	J. Baak et al.	1989	Physica C	10.1016/0921-4534(89)91125-8
Lang 1988	M. Lang et al.	1988	Z. Phys. B	10.1007/BF01312506
Lei-Ledbetter 1991	M. Lei, H. Ledbetter	1991	NISTIR 3980, Fig. 4.3	report
Sommerfeld 2003	Sommerfeld et al.	2003	Phys. Rev. B 67, 174520	10.1103/PhysRevB.67.174520
Giebe-Blechschmidt 1931	E. Giebe, E. Blechschmidt	1931	Ann. Phys. 403, 905 (magnetization dependence of Young's modulus in ferromagnetic rods — the Delta-E effect; reached via Ledbetter-Reed 1973, Table 9)	10.1002/andp.19314030802
Koester-Franz 1961	W. Koester (Köster), H. Franz	1961	Metallurgical Reviews 6(1), 1 ("Poisson's Ratio for Metals and Alloys")	10.1179/mtlr.1961.6.1.1
Zou-Balandin 2001	J. Zou, A. Balandin	2001	J. Appl. Phys. 89, 2932 ("Phonon heat conduction in a semiconductor nanowire"); the tau model and the Gamma mass-variance parameter	10.1063/1.1345515
CRC Handbook	CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics	n/a	CRC Press (isotope masses and abundances)	edition not stated in-code

Known gaps (as found in the sources, 2026-08-28)

The mass density ref_density is an uncited literal for every material except Silver, which cites Smith-Fickett 1995.
Hastelloy C-276 has no data source for lambda; it uses only the Wiedemann-Franz construction.
The Alloy class contains no in-code citations; its sources are documented exclusively in alloy_homogenization.md.
The iron and nickel spin-disorder resistivity amplitudes are described as "typical values" without a source.
The Debye curve for Indium and the Debye temperature of 275 K for YBCO are bare fits.
Lead is the one metal served with static-level moduli (E, G, nu from Blanke's static-type curve with the crystal's bulk modulus); the dynamic Hill average of the same crystal is 24 GPa against the static 16 GPa at 300 K, because lead's shear modulus relaxes strongly at low frequency.
White tin's two softening constants are based on three temperatures.
Chromium's spin-density-wave anomalies (bulk modulus and Poisson ratio) and nickel's demagnetized Delta-E dip are deliberately not represented; the class headers document these omissions.
Base-class model names such as Bloch-Grueneisen, Matthiessen, Kohler, Pippard, and Wiedemann-Franz are used throughout, but none has a bibliographic entry in the tree; the quasi-harmonic elastic closure cites Garai-Laugier 2007.

Citation defects in the sources

The typos listed here on 2026-08-28 (DOIs missing their leading 1 in the iron, nickel and silver sources, "imon" for Simon in the magnesia source, "Arays" for Arajs in the iron source, "referene" in the lead and tin sources, and "O'Neil 1964" for O'Neal 1965 in the tin source) were corrected in the code comments on 2026-09-16, as was the Messe et al. 2023 title in powerlaws.hpp (now the published one, with DOI 10.1088/1361-6668/acf7f9). Silver's file header names Neighbours and Alers 1958 for the elastic data since the same date. Nothing from that list is open.